Short Article Reveals the Undeniable Facts About Written Research Papers and How It Can Affect You

Short Article Reveals the Undeniable Facts About Written Research Papers and How It Can Affect You You're along side given a completely free plagiarism report for a sign of high-quality service and original on-line essay. To compose a philosophy paper sometimes takes a great deal of time as they are involving and if you are unable to put in adequate time you might end up scoring marks that are not impressive. Both software types will guarantee that all of the custom papers supplied to clients are quality and satisfactory. Our Harvard style papers are usually custom written based on the customers' instruction therefore ensuring they are tailored to the customers' needs and expectations. In any event, your essay is going to have the exact same standard format and structure. However complex the subject of your essay might be, we'll conduct thorough research and present the best to you. You may be asked to select a suitable topic for your essay paper and you're running short of ideas. The topic you select for your technology papers ought to be interesting and ought to concentrate on your subject of interest. Whatever They Told You About Written Research Papers Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Our customized writing is achieved by professional people who have graduated from prestigious universities. Custom made research paper writing service is among the initial things students need to consider in their struggle for high grades in their academics. When you get our writing essays for college services that you are ensured of prompt delivery of your college papers therefore, you do not have to be concerned about deadlines. Finest essay papers are ones that were written following the instruction offered by instructors. There are a number of internet essay writing companies that have developed recently and a lot of them have financial interest apart from providing services to students. In such situations, hiring or buying research papers on the internet is a sensible thing to do. Many students face the difficulty of locating genuine businesses which provide professional writing services. The principal idea of your entire essay is going to be your thesis statement. An essay may have a lot of intentions, but the fundamental structure of all form of essays will be same. To make sure that you get the appropriate essay that will satisfy your instructor's expectation always purchase essay that's custom written. You might be writing an argumentative essay to argue for a specific point of view or to may do a persuasive essay to spell out the steps necessary to finish a task. There two varieties of students in regards to essay writing. You may be having strenuous essay assignments and you're probably thinking how to purchase an essay that will fix all your problems. If you're such a student, you've located the correct answer to your essay writing problems. You might also be wondering on how to get an essay for high school, how to get an essay for graduate school, how to purchase an essay for college level or the way to get an essay for a university level student. A History of Written Research Papers Refuted Research paper writing is one of the most often encountered assignments that students of various degrees of study tackle. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. If a student would like to learn to compose a thesis for a research paper, it's important to get an overall picture of the whole process. Writing a high school paper is not a hard job. Research paper writing in our business is customized to adhere to client's instruction to be able to make sure that each research paper produced fits the requirements of the customer. There are many different research paper writing services are available which will be able to help you with cheapest research paper articles. Writing a superb superior research paper is a difficult endeavor. Want to Know More About Written Research Papers? Professional customized research papers assistance is our principal goal and dedication for many of our customers custom research paper requirements. There's no other customized paper writing service that has experienced essay writers who will supply you with custom papers at a sensible price. Accordingly, to be able to attain success you must also learn how to purchase an essay that's been custom written. When you get your papers from our customized paper writing services we make certain that your work is delivered based on your wish. Thus, a firm which will compose my term paper ought to be fast enough to be certain I will satisfy the deadline. You are able to always communicate to us during your customized paper writing incase you must give any extra info or maybe to know the status of your customized paper to purchase. From us, you'll discover expert custom made paper writing services. Our custom made paper writing services is the sole location wherever your paper is going to be edited manually by qualified editors. The Basic Facts of Written Research Papers An essay includes three important components, 1. Writing essays requires a comprehension of the topic one is writing on so that they are sometimes in a position to effectively present their very own personal views. Our example essay may also help you to understand how to use various style of writing. Writing essays for colleges is not ever an easy job.

Poverty Is A Social Good - 1641 Words

As you drive away from the city of Malibu all that can be seen are beautiful houses, well dressed people and expensive cars. Breathe in the fresh air and see every establishment, be it a restaurant or even a small cafà ©, filled to the brim with happy people leaving food uneaten on gold-trimmed plates without a care in the world. Drive further away from this secluded bubble and enter Los Angeles, or more specifically downtown Los Angeles and you will be faced with a stark contrast: homeless adults and even children begging for money on the sidewalk alongside decrepit houses with graffiti on their walls. The reality is that there is an enormous number of people who live in one of the richest nations in the world that are struggling to get by†¦show more content†¦Poverty is a chronic condition which is deep-rooted in America, despite it being one of the wealthiest countries in the world. Currently, many people still fall below the poverty line; â€Å"as of 2014, 14.9 percent of Americans or almost 47 million people fell below this line; the rate for children even higher† (US Department of Commerce). â€Å"Individuals or families are considered â€Å"poor† if their annual pretax cash income falls below a dollar amount, or poverty threshold that is recalculated each year. This is simply the estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the necessities of life† (Institute for Research on Poverty) and due to a variety of factors. In comparison to other developed countries, America’s market system puts a heavier emphasis on stimulating economic growth rather than ensuring income equality or collective well-being. From an economic standpoint, although America has a mixed system of capitalist and free market, it is still organized such that a small elite control most of the capital used to produce wealth, leaving the majority of the population to fight over the latter. Even middle classmen worry about the possibility of falling into poverty as companies continue to lay off workers in favor of cheaper labor or decrease wages in an effort to increase its’ competitive advantage as increasingly high values are put on competition and efficiency. With a

The Psychology of a Serial Killer and Abuse - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 524 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Serial Killer Essay Did you like this example? Serial killers are the result of a wide range of things, one factor that is shared is abuse. Profoundly awful encounters, particularly amid youth, can have a considerably more profound effect in grown up life. They can shape a persons identity and life decisions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Psychology of a Serial Killer and Abuse" essay for you Create order This conduct ingrains in the childs sentiments of embarrassment and defenselessness, emotions which they will later try to impart in their exploited people. Nonetheless, its critical to consider going ahead that numerous kids have endured maltreatment and did not wind up being serial killers. Thus, while abuse is by all accounts an ongoing theme and some way or another identified with culpability, it should not be viewed as the sole cause of a serial killer. Serial killer, Edmund Kemper despised women, he killed a few individuals from his own family and six young women in the Santa Cruz, California, during the 1970s. Conceived in Burbank, California, his parents separated from when he was 9 years of age and his alcoholic mother pointed the finger at him for the separation. She was excessively condemning Edmund and constrained him to live in the basement of the house so he could not accompany his sisters. Since early on, Edmund fantasized about murdering his own mom which led him to tormenting cats to discharge his dissatisfaction. At the age of 15, he was sent to live with his grandparents on their homestead and they took his rifle since he wouldnt quit murdering animals. Edmund turned his anger on his grandparents, shooting them to death. As a grown up, weighing more than 250 lbs, he exploited people both mentally and physically. He ended the lives of ten women and in spite of the fact that his safeguard group attempted to look for the not blameworthy by reason of madness he was ordered at legitimately normal. Edmund is currently in jail at the California Medical Facility. Edmund abusive relationship can be seen as the trigger of his killings, his build up frustration from his mothers lack of interest in him caused him to take it out on all women firmly because they were a reflection of his abusive mother. Another example of someone with a abusive childhood that become a serial killer is Mary Bell. Mary Bell was an English serial killer conceived in Glasgow, Scotland, where she shared a one room house with her mom. As a young lady, Mary would observer her mom, who functioned as a prostitute participate in acts with her customers frequently in the same room her daughter slept in. Her mom had made endeavors to slaughter Mary at a young age, yet rather, she understood there was additional cash to be made prostituting her own daughter. Mary Bell became a killer when she was just 11 years old. She strangled, mutilated and killed two young boys, 4 year old Martin Brown and 3 year old Brian Howe, in 1968. Following her conviction, Judge Justice Cusack said she was very grave risk to other children and sentenced to juvenile prison. Since her release, she has been granted a new identity and is believed to be living in the North East of England with a family of her own.

Earlham College Admissions SAT Scores, Tuition More

African Indentured Servants During Jamestown - 974 Words

The first twenty Africans to arrive in Jamestown, Virginia in 1619 were eventually traded by the Dutch for food and supplies. A point worth noting, the first twenty Africans were not identified as legal property(slave). The former Spanish owners had baptized and given each a Christian name. In fact, Africans worked as indentured servants for a specified time because English law disallowed the enslaving of Christians. Africans became landowners and were of equal standing with the poor English Pilgrims. However, by 1640, Virginia court documents started displaying verdicts for a life of servitude. These were verdicts given to runaway indentured servants. African indentured servants to be exact. Between 1661 and 1662, a child’s status in the colonial United States depended on whether the mother was free or a slave. Laws were passed that degraded blacks and forbid interracial marriage and sexual relations. Other laws prohibited blacks from bearing arms, traveling without written permission and finally, preventing blacks from owning property. In 1669, it was declared in Virginia that it would not be a crime to kill a disobedient slave while punishing him/her. Moreover in 1669, slave masters were banned from emancipating slaves. Slaves that were given their freedom could not stay in the colony. Furthermore, Virginia voted to banish Europeans who marry a black, mulatto, or Indian person. It can be concluded that these laws fashioned the chattel slavery in the United StatesShow MoreRelatedBacons Rebellion Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesand accordingly its consequences include the American Revolution. It was the war between the English and the Indians, and the civil war between the colonists of Jamestown and their government. But it was also the fierce struggle between two powerful leaders with ve ry different beliefs. The African slaves and white indentured servants joined together to fight side by side against their common enemies. Sir William Berkeley arrived in Virginia in 1642 to act as the Colonial Governor of VirginiaRead MoreThe London Fire Of 16661205 Words   |  5 Pagescolonial indentured servants heavily declined. This shortage prompted African slave labor to be preferred economically by landowners as slaves were a guaranteed workforce, politically as laws offering total ownership made slaves more desirable, and socially as many influential landowners considered the African race subservient. The London Fire of 1666 laid waste to much of England and created a significant number of rebuilding jobs (Hening). This contributed to the shortage of indentured servants aroundRead MoreSalvery in the United States1497 Words   |  6 Pagessupply of indentured servants was largely declining, and where no longer sufficient enough to maintain the plantation that was indispensable for not only economic stability, but for survival. However, a seemingly solution to their problems was finding its way across the Atlantic and headed towards the struggling colony of Virginia. In 1619, a Dutch ship that contained about 20 enslaved Africans came across the colonists of Jamestown, Virginia. The inhumane living conditions that the Africans were butRead MoreThe Labor Of War And Early British America1021 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 2015 The Labor of War In early British America they had a unique form of labor where they would use indentured servants and natives as workers instead of slaves. However in 1619 the first 20 Africans were brought to Jamestown by the Dutch to be used as slaves. Black labor remained small until the1670s when it started to grow in the southern region of Carolina. In 1612 John Rolfe a Jamestown planter began to experiment with tobacco that the local Indians had been growing for years (Brinkley 37)Read MoreThe Slavery Of The Chesapeake Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pagesslaves came to America in the early 17th century. When they received the slaves they found out some of them were baptized, and were under the Christian religion. So they could not be treat as slaves under the religion so they were turned into â€Å"indentured servants†. There weren’t many laws on slavery, but there was no way out . At first slaves had limited right, and were aloud to own land, after their period of slavery was over. They were allowed to marry and have children. The slaves kids that were bornRead MoreEssay about Clash of Cultures838 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigrants that were indentured servants, individuals (immigrants) who came to America and was placed under contract to work for another over a period of time, usually seven years, especially during t he 17th to 19th centuries. Generally, indentured servants included redemptioners, victims of religious or political persecution, persons kidnapped for the purpose, convicts, and paupers. Indentured servants first arrived in America in the decade following the settlement of Jamestown by the Virginia CompanyRead MoreIndentured Servants And African Slaves881 Words   |  4 Pagescertain topics, such as, indentured servants and the institution of slavery was minimal. The reason for this is most of my prior knowledge of these important topics were forgotten. The question I always asked myself what was the difference between indentured servants and African slaves? Through my personal studying on the subject matter, I have discovered new information that clarified all my misconceptions about historical topics like, indentured servants from Europe, African slavery, and findingRead MoreSlavery in American Society: Impact and Evolution Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesdate back to 1760 BC; Within such societies, slavery worked in a system of social stratification (Slavery in the United States, 2011), meaning inequality among different groups of people in a population (Sajjadi, 2008). After the establishment of Jamestown in 1607 as the first permanent English Chesapeake colony in the New World that was agriculturally-based; Tobacco became the colonies chief crop, requiring time consuming and intensive labor (Slavery in colonial America, 2011). Due to the headlightRead MoreAmerican Slavery During The 17th Century1499 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Slavery in the 17th Century The struggles of African Americans in a fight for freedom and civil rights in the U.S. during the seventeenth century was tarnished with blood and destruction of African cultures and families. A struggle that is condescending to the reasons as to why the thirteen American colonies were established. The Founding Fathers of America built a nation with a mission that â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed byRead MoreThe Beginning Of Enslavement Of Slavery Essay1284 Words   |  6 Pagesof hope. Indentured Servants were people who sold their labor voluntarily in exchange for free passage to the â€Å"New World,† and given housing upon their arrival. They were willing to enter an agreement to work for a specified amount of time, nor were considered the property of the contract holder. Alike in certain aspects, however, divergent in many areas of Indentured Servants, in the early 1600’s Slavery began in America w hen the first African Slaves brought to the colony of Jamestown, Virginia

Essay about Character Analysis of Catherine Barkley

During World War I, it was the accepted social norm that women belonged in the kitchen. They took the back seat to men, specializing in cooking and cleaning. They were the caretaker of the home and the raiser of the children. Catherine Barkley is an impeccable example of this social norm in Ernest Hemingways, A Farewell to Arms. Her submissive nature is key to the existence of the story. So important, in fact, that the story may not be at all possible without it. She submits to Lieutenant Henrys flirtatious passes immediately, triggering their romantic relationship before he injures his leg. She also totally dedicates herself to preserving the well being of Henry. Her behavior in both of these circumstances is typical for a woman†¦show more content†¦She doesnt hesitate to comply with his every desire, including having sex whenever he desires, it would seem. Again, she conforms to the norms of the era she lives in. She sees it as her duty to care for the man and ke ep him happy. The point of the Milan portion of the story is the maturing of the relationship between Catherine and Henry. However, instead of the maturation of the relationship, we simply see Henrys feelings mature. Catherine is steady and committed until the end. Its another good example of Hemingway using Catherine as a tool to keep the reader focused on Henry. Henrys domination of the relationship is highlighted towards the end of the book when the couple resides in the mountains of Switzerland. Catherine suggests that they make love, but Henry remarks rather indifferently that he would rather play chess. His emotionless regard of Catherine is another way Hemingway draws attention away from her and focuses on Henry. Her needs arent as important as his and he makes it clear. Catherine, being the typical pleasing woman of her generation, submits to his decision and goes about her business. In A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway uses Catherine as a tool to speed up the plot, dra w attention to Henrys thoughts and emotions, and calibrate the story with his style of writing. Her submissive and pleasure demeanor, typical of women in her era, make this possible. Her simple and acceptingShow MoreRelatedA Farewell To Arms Character Analysis2009 Words   |  9 Pagescourse of the novel goes through meaningful character changes to become more open, conscientious, agreeable, extraverted, and neurotypical. The catalyst for development in Henry’s character in A Farewell To Arms is his intimate bond with Catherine. In A Farewell To Arms, the least nuanced evidence for Henry being changed as a result of his relationship with Catherine can be found in his dynamic characterization. At the novel s exposition, Henry’s character is established through the potent characterizationRead MorePsychoanalytic and Femisnist Theories in A Farewall to Arms by Ernst Hemingway2059 Words   |  9 Pagesambulance driver working for the Italian Army and being wounded on the front. Another very important character in the novel was Catherine Barkley, the nurse taking care of Frederic while he was in the hospital in Milan. They soon becomed involved in a romantic relationship. This paper will focus on the Psychoanalytic and Feminist theories helping to understand the basic meaning of the novel and characters’ roles in the plot, characterized by the continuous interaction with each other and specific conflictsRead MoreThe Role Of Fascism, And Background Of Ernest Hemingway2736 Words   |  11 Pagesalso took away distraction from the other soldiers. In that seeing the wounded the fighting soldiers might back out. Drivers were just as at risk to get hit as the soldiers were if not even more. Reading through the novel Fredrick Henry the main character of the story and also the ambulance driver was shot at and wounded by artillery fire while trying to retrieve a solider in the field. This part in the novel being similar to the incident that happened to Hemingway while doing his duties in war. Read MoreThemes of Love and War in A Farewell to Arms2028 Words   |  9 Pagesfrom the perspective of Fredric Henry, an ambulance driver in the Italian army, and pertains to his experiences in the war. The novel also highlights the passionate relationship between Henry and Catherine Barkley, a British nurse in Italy. Henry’s insight into the war and his intense love for Catherine emphasize that love and war are the predominant themes in the novel and these themes contribute to bringing o ut the implicit and explicit meaning of the novel. Being a part of the Italian army, HenryRead MoreEssay about The Irrelevant God in Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms2818 Words   |  12 Pagesechoed in the next chapter, which concerns Henrys first meeting with Catherine Barkley. The closeness of these two incidents suggests a necessary comparison between the priests lofty idealism and Rinaldis secular realism, here symbolized by the latters pursuit of women. It is interesting that Rinaldi is first interested in Miss Barkley; Henrys pursuit seems to happen therefore almost in emulation of Rinaldi, taking on the character of a revolt against religion. Here, as previously with the AbruzziRead MoreBibliographic Essay on African American History6221 Words   |  25 PagesThe authors’ responses to Johnson’s criticisms appear in William and Mary Quarterly 59 (January 2002) wherein Edward A. Pearson’s â€Å"Trials and Errors: Denmark Vesey and His Historians,† acknowledges errors in the transcriptions but defends the analysis. The dispute remains unresolved, but it is clear that slave conspiracies or rumors thereof brought deadly results for 10 ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ many persons involved or accused of involvement. Abolition of slavery North American slavery was never without

Blood Brain Barrier Essay - 3024 Words

The brain is permeated by a vast network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries- so tiny and thin that blood cells have to pass through in single file. In the brain alone there are enough capillaries that if you laid them all out end to end they would stretch from Tucson to Tijuana. These capillaries are surrounded by a single layer of cells. That layer of cells forms a barrier between the capillaries and the cells and fluid of the brain. These barrier-forming cells are called endothelial cells. You can think of endothelial as a synonym for lining or even just barrier. When we use the phrase Blood Brain Barrier, (which for obvious reasons well refer to as BBB from here on out!), were talking about all of these†¦show more content†¦The BBB also incorporates mechanisms to shepherd or transport certain substances *in*: GLUCOSE- the universal energy source, which is needed by every cell in your body... OXYGEN- electron acceptor par excellence, do without it and die... CERTAIN IONS- cations, anions, Chlorine, Calcium, etc.. involved in nervous system transmission... Finally, the BBB also lets various substances in because it either cant pump them out or its mechanisms cant tell the difference between them and one of the substances that it naturally tranports across: ETHANOL- enters by the same pathways that let glucose in, which is why drinking alcohol affects the brain... VITAMIN C... THC, NICOTINE, CAFFEINE... Obstacles For Scientists The BBB evolved as an extremely tight barrier to protect the brain from potentially toxic compounds. Though it is an indispensable part of the Central Nervous System, its tightness makes delivering therapeutic drugs to the brain very difficult. Question: What makes the BBB such a tight barrier? Answer: the three components- the phospholipid bilayer, influx pumps, and efflux pumps- discussed below. # Phospholipid Bilayer Phospholipid bilayer The endothelial cells of the BBB are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer that is only permeable to very small and/or lipid soluble molecules. Lipid solubleShow MoreRelatedThe On Blood Brain Barrier967 Words   |  4 PagesBlood Brain Barrier One of the most important properties of BBB is that it separates the brain tissue from the blood circulation of the CNS. By that it consists of three parts: the layer of endothelial cells connected through tight junctions, basal membrane, and astrocytes and pericytes. Its main function is it only select molecules to pass from the bloodstream into the fluid that bathes the brain, whereas vital nutrients get in, toxins and pathogens are blocked. Formed by endothelialRead MoreThe Blood Brain Barrier2594 Words   |  11 PagesThe Blood Brain Barrier The central nervous system is comprised of many elements that help maintain a highly regulated environment for very specialized functions, such as communication throughout the entire body via nerve pathways (Engelhardt Sorokin, 2009). This compartmentalization of the nervous system was first introduced by Paul Ehrlich and Edwin E. Goldman in the 1880’s, where after injecting a coloured dye into the circulatory system, the brain and spinal cord were found to be devoid ofRead MoreBrain Disorders: Blood Brain Barrier Essay2006 Words   |  9 PagesBrain disorders are major concern of modern world in terms of economic liability and human suffering with the increased number of aged population as a result of the long life expectancy. The main challenge in the treatment of many of the neurodegenerative diseases is the presence of a polarized layer of endothelial cells that comprises the blood–brain barrier (BBB) which precludes access of systemically administered medi cines to brain tissue. Currently more than 98% of all small moleculesRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of The Blood Brain Barrier1948 Words   |  8 Pagesmouth (McCauley et al., 2009). Some drugs can affect the fetus by transferring to the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is a permeable barrier that allows some chemicals to pass through. It separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid in the central nervous system. The blood-brain barrier also transports molecules to the brain that are essential to function properly, like glucose and amino acids. Since capillaryRead MoreThe Role Of Cytokines On Immune Privilege3444 Words   |  14 PagesTHE ROLE OF CYTOKINES IN MAINTAINING IMMUNE PRIVILEGE IN THE BRAIN Review By Ifunanya Ezechukwu 1. Introduction Immune privilege sites are regions of the body which are able to tolerate the introduction of foreign antigens without producing an inflammatory response [1]. It is an active process and these sites are believed to have emerged in order to protect susceptible parts of the body which aren’t able to regenerateRead MoreEssay on Pathophysiology of Meningitis and Encephalitis1615 Words   |  7 PagesPathophysiology of Meningitis and Encephalitis Meningitis and encephalitis are two similar infections of the central nervous system that often lead to fatality of the host organism. Both diseases occur when pathogens enter the blood stream and gain access into the central nervous system. Stimulating inflammation within the cranial cavity, the pathogens continue to multiply and take harmful effects on the host. Inflammation, the body’s response to infection, ultimately causes all of the symptomsRead More Multiple Sclerosis Essay1620 Words   |  7 PagesMS sufferers. (2) MS usually strikes young adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years old. (8) There are even some cases of MS being diagnosed in childhood. Multiple sclerosis is a disease that affects the central nervous system, attacking the brain and the spinal cord. MS attacks myelin, the fatty material that acts as a protective coating to the bodys nerves. (1) The inflammation of the nerve tissues covering the nerves can affect any part of the nervous system and varies from person to personRead More1231349 Words   |  5 Pagesdisease in an infant. For older kids, the amount of daily ingested protein is calculated each day regarding how severe PKU of the patient. Although this method can effectively avoid biochemical abnormalities by high concentration of phenylalanine in blood steam resulting in the decrease mental retardation, it has a big disadvantage of not provide enough proteins for the normal development of the patient. Hence, patients with this treatment require take additional supplements, such as vitamins and mineralsRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Multiple Sclerosis1605 Words   |  7 Pagesdisease s complexity (Mil ler, 2012). The different mechanisms are the blood brain barrier, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes/axons (Miller, 2012). The blood brain barrier is a selective membrane that transports blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue and allows diffusion of certain molecules due to the selective membrane (Miller, 2012). Astrocytes are star shaped glial cells that make up about 90% of the human brain (Miller, 2012). Astrocytes help maintain neuron survival and survivalRead MoreThe Use Of Nanotechnology On Other Types Of Brain Cancer930 Words   |  4 Pagesof brain cancer, and other types of brain diseases have been mostly untreatable due to the blood brain barrier (BBB). There have been drugs produced that are effec-tive in treating these diseases, but simply cannot bypass the barrier due to its special properties. It serves to restrict and control the movement of molecules in and out of the brain. In recent years, the use of nanotechnology show promise with their abilities to bypass the BBB to deliver drugs and small molecules into the brain. Gold

Cultural Understanding on the Movie Example “Bend It Like Beckham” Free Essays

The main aim of this report is to describe, analyze and understand Indian culture and integration Indians with British culture in a connection to movie: â€Å"Bend it like Beckham†. The aim is also to assign every character to stage of intercultural sensitivity and define what kind of cultural development is possible for each of them. Findings: Jess: In my opinion she is on the fifth level of intercultural learning, she adapts to the british culture, she knows it and totally accept it, e. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Understanding on the Movie Example â€Å"Bend It Like Beckham† or any similar topic only for you Order Now . she can greet in her language, she wears traditional dress during the engagement and the wedding, she knows that she suppose to have Indian husband, that she should not show her legs and the scar in front of the man. She tries to live like â€Å"normal† teenager from Europe, but she respects all the traditions of her family. She has got problem with learning how to cook traditional meals and when she was younger she often ate been on toast, which is common in UK. She likes british culture more, because it gives her more freedom, her idol is Beckham, she loves playing football, she would like to be independent to make her own choices in such easy issues like choosing shoes or outfit for the wedding. She would like to choose if she can play football or not. Her mum does not want her to play but she shows her resistance even though she should not , because in her mum’s opinion, it is spoiled behavior. She does not like to lie and she feels bad with that but she does not tell the truth because she has high respect to the elders. I can predict that in the future, of course if she stay in the UK, she will be totally integrated with the british culture. Mother: She is on the first level of intercultural learning. She does not like british culture, for her it is like pure evil. She does not want her children to integrate with the European culture. When they are complaining and Jess wants to choose the dress by herself for her sister’s wedding or she does not want to learn how to cook, for her mum it is spoiled behavior. She is scared that Jess will start to wear short skirts etc, that is why he does not let her to play football, because in her opinion the integration can go further than it should. She is defending herself but she even has not noticed that she is already connected to the british culture e. g everybody were checking their mobiles during the engagement, which is a part of fast lifestyle in the UK. She just want to protect the good name of family and she creates perfect image of the members, so that her children will have no problems with finding appropriate husband. Chances for further development: second level – because she finally agreed and accepted that her daughter is playing football, so she is not so closed like in the beginning. Father: Jess’ father seems to realize the differences between his own culture and British one but he thinks that this second one have too big bad influence on his doughter, Jess. He is afraid of this. He finds his own culture as better one that is why he tries to defend somehow against the bad influence of the other. Probably, that is why he does not want to accept that his younger doughter plays football. He thinks, it is a man sport and he does not understand how and why Jess can like it. The piority for her should be to find a good husband, be a good wife, who can cook and takes care of house. She should be also well educated. And it should give her happiness. In his opinion, girls or women should not have got such hobbies like playing football. Additionaly, he has got his own, bad experience with sport in the UK. When he was younger, he used to play cricket but his career did not finish very well because of his origin. It was in former times, so now everything has changed, but he is afraid that his doughter can also suffer as he did. Fortunately, his open-minded position and love to his doughter win and he lets her to play. During his older doughter’s wedding he tells Jess to go and play in final game of a tournament if it makes her happy. In the end the gives Jess the permission to play in the American’s proffessional team. He has got an opportunity to go on ‘higher level’ of the intercultural sensitivity (III) or even he has already achived it. Jules: A wonderful Jess’ friend, who from the very beggining have not seen any difficulties in â€Å"contact† with the other culture. Jules plays in a local football team and thanks to her Jess also has started. She encoureged her friend to play and to find solutions how to deal with the culture differences. Jules also has got some problems with her mother, as Jess has. Her mother is afraid that because of doughte’s hobbies she would not find a boyfriend. So it is not so different as in Jess’ home. Thankfully, Jules has got a great father, who totally accepts doughte’s interests. She is on a high adaptation level of the intercultural sensitivity. She does not have to deal with the cultural differences because for her it is just natural. She can see some problems, which are â€Å"normal† for every teenager (boys etc. ), not problems with other habits. In my opinion she does not have to achive other level of the intercultural sensitivity because this,where she already is, it is perfect. How to cite Cultural Understanding on the Movie Example â€Å"Bend It Like Beckham†, Papers

Battle Of Bullrun Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.

Major Factors Influencing Multinational Corporation- Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Major Factors Influencing Multinational Corporations. Answer: Introduction Multinational Corporation investments are initiated after undertaking an international marketing that involves proper decision making on the target market beyond the corporation's country (Anastasia, 2015). There have been issues concerning economy, politics, culture diversification, technological and trade terms concerning the international business environments (Goldstein, 2016; Sawyer, 2016). The targeted markets have always been propelled by cropping up these factors. Such decisions have been taken into considerations while searching for a suitable marketing climate for a Multinational Corporation. However, there are things to put into considerations while implementing the decision that does not need to be done within a home country thus understanding the international corporate platforms is essential. The major question remains as to what factors, challenges, and risks are associated with the operations of operating multinational corporations. The nature of the advancement and c ompetition level associated with the sector selected for investment defines the entry strategies as well as the capacity to drive sustainable profits within the industry regarding the operations of Multinational Corporations. The intent of the evaluation in this paper is to provide an analysis of the factors influencing Multinational Corporation seeking to invest in China as a new market in the telecommunication sector. Overview of Multinational Corporations Typically, these are organizations, which regulate the production processes in two or more countries, inclusive of the countries of origin. An international organization takes part in various activities that include; exportation and importation, investments in global countries, market licensing, contract manufacturer or establishment of facilities (Editors, 2016). The behavior of the MNCs is a major concern globally since it has led to the rise of numerous socioeconomic problems. Such scenarios have resulted in the adoption of factors that assist or hinder MNC operation in foreign markets (Contrepois et al., 2016; Dong, Zou, Taylor, 2008). The coordination is essential considering the provision of larger markers across the borders that will result into revenue increase to host country and economies of scale. However, there are also chances to suffer more challenges and even losses. The nature of the operation and the capital of investment, as well as the cultural and political envir onments, influence the success of Multinational Corporations (Wiederhold, 2016). Therefore, an understanding of the scenarios that surrounds the corporate integration and investment is critical for managerial effectiveness as well as the incorporation of the public interests (Sethi, Prakash, 2016). Factors Influencing Multinational Corporations in China: Telecommunication Sector The telecommunication industry in China is one of the developed sectors across the globe. The country has well-developed structures through technology and innovation that encourage the setting of a competitive global environment (Perri Editors, 2016). Firms seeking to invest in China in the sector have to upgrade to international levels to derive the necessary profit needs. The entrepreneurial culture in China is based on technical fields such as medicine, construction, and telecommunication among others. Several factors related to the Chinas economy, international trade terms, legal requirements, and technology influence the entry of Multinational Corporation about the telecommunication sector (Fazal Wahab, 2014). Economic Factors The economic growth rate in China has implications for the levels of demand in the international markets despite the different economic levels in various countries. The standard of the national income, as well as the favorable economic indicators, has created an enabling environment for international investment. Such a disparity is significantly incorporated into the strategic plans and operations of multinational corporations. Several elements related to the economic performance influence the operation within the telecommunication sector in China. The level of the per capita income in China has contributed to the success of firms operating on international terms. The determination of a country's wealth is a vital tool that assists in knowing the potential market target and the effective marketing strategies to be implied. The level of the average income of the people defines the nature of the purchasing power as well as the consumption rate. The Chinas income level is essential for the telecommunication market since most of the people have embraced technology and can afford the available services based on tastes and preferences. Moreover, the population structure of the China based on class and lifestyle contributes to the performance of the international businesses. Global trade environments must put into considerations the availability of a suitable class that is targeted at the market. Variations within the group structures between countries must be factored in before establishment. China has been divided into three categories, that is, lower, middle and upper classes, that are significantly marked by different numbers. Such a scenario depicts the nature of consumption behavior for telecommunication services and brands. Chinese marketing systems are highly dependent on the demand and supply of products all over the world. Therefore, any firm seeking to join the industry must reconsider the market structures must be cross-examined to evaluate the potency. Such kind evaluations must be done the right way to thrive in the business environment. For instance, the marketers of Bali's Civet Cat Coffee from the U S did not believe it when they supplied the product and the demands escalated in China, although the product was expensive. Furthermore, the effect of transaction motives has contributed to the market structure witnessed in the Chinese markets. The improved technology that enables a diversity of payment services across the multiple currencies is an essential environment or Multinational Corporation investments. It is worth pointing out how important it is to study the manner by which the MNCs goods and services get sold out internationally and the remunerations granted. Most developed countries it is assumed that the financial transaction and banking is high. Thus, it means that I China, one can purchase items and make prompt payments, a factor that has encouraged investments in other foreign markets like Germany, France, and Britain. Businesses transactions can be quick anywhere due to outstanding financial realities; therefore, influencing the performance of Multinational Corporations (Heinecke, 2016). International Trade Factors International and Social Trade factors have the impacts on the goods and services that are going to be exchanged in the new markets. Such consideration affects the quality, type, functional properties, and even the level of demands of that particular commodity (Nolke, 2016). The geographic distribution of natural resources in China has biased the forms and nature of investments. The country has focused on the industrial manufacturing and technology to cater for the unfavorable weather conditions. The geographical nature of a state could create favorable and unfavorable conditions to facilitate multinational corporations. For example, China is centrally placed to facilitate easy markets to the neighboring countries (Pain, 2015). The climatic condition in China has little implication on the telecommunication sector unlike on the manufacturing and production industries. Firms such as China Telecom and Verizon have intensified their capacity based on the favorable trade terms. Moreover, the culture and the language barriers have contributed to the challenges faced in the Chinese market. Some disappointing scenarios have been counteracted in making international advertisements that consequently could not assist the MNC market the products (Elfstrom, 2016). For instance, according to the Chinese dialect "coca-cola" is translated as "female horse stuffed into wax". However, with cultural integration, diversity management, and social inclusion, the effect of language and culture has been controlled by the corporate sector across the globe (Lundan, 2016). The tastes and preferences associated with the consumers and targeted market in China define the magnitude of the profits to be attained. The MCNs seeking to invest in the telecommunication sector in China must factor tastes in new regions. Individuals' behavior is shaped by culture and personality, which defines the success of businesses in different areas. When a multinational corporation intends to introduc e a product into the Chinese market, succinct consultation must be done. Nevertheless, the political stability in China has been favorable for international investment, which is an imperative factor in global trade, where one will have to consider strongly before dominating into a foreign market. It is essential to note that instances of wars have largely affected MNC in other parts of the world. Unrest from politics is another source of instability in global countries that discourage the establishment of Multinational Corporations due to risks of losses. China adopted policies of opening to the foreign trade and rapidly developed since the 1970s. Therefore, political relations have a great implications international business (Anguelov, 2016). On the other hand, the element of product adaptation has encouraged the corporate investment levels in the country, which has contributed to lower rates of entrepreneurial conflict among nations seeking to venture into the Chinese market. Such measures should be taken into an account before venturing into the teleco mmunication market. Legal Factors A legal formality that characterizes the Chinese corporate engagements tailored to specific sectors of investment has great implications on international trade environments. Some of the regulations and legal parameters either have encouraged or discouraged MNCs entry in the country. Laws are always enacted by controlling the trade lines based on the standards. Such regulations favor the establishment of multinational corporations. States set legislation that will influence the ability of a multinational corporation to operate in their environment for various reasons. For instance, in Thailand, there are specified rules that there will be no foreign company or individual that can own up to 49% of the total shares, so one must be willing to open up a partnership to carry out the operation. Thus, foreign investors must be aware of the implementation processes and operation control before making any moves (Lundan, 2016). Each firm seeking to invest in China must have a permit that allows the business to operate as a foreign organization. Particular limitations were allowing an MNC to carry out its activities in China as outlines the jurisdictive nature associated with the manufacturing or selling of the specified products. The government undertakes such moves to ensure the country benefits from the accrued revenue by carrying out such legal approaches. Such directives are necessary before the exploration of markets by multinational corporations. Taxation is another manner of which the Chinese government cashes in from foreign multinational corporations. Such a move ensures that most of the citizens' expenditures do not exit the country, which guarantees a stable national income cycle. Therefore, MNCs must be cautious on this to shape market strategy since levies will influence the ability to make a profit or incur a loss (Wendt, 2016; Slemrod, 2016). Certain fees such as the Outbound Payment in the c ountry established by the State Administrative of Taxation during international businesses affect most of the MNCs operating in China. Some of these charges can be recurring or single deal. Much more, this fee could be high considering the foreign operation capacity. Moreover, the use of tax bureau to monitor compliance and transparency has set a strict environment for foreign business operating in China. The existence of the anti-dumping duties in China restricts the operations of manufacturing firms. Therefore, adherence to these provides smooth trade between the host and the foreign nations; however, there is the need for harmonization. Most of the tariffs have always been granted to equalize the exchanges between the domestic companies and the multinational corporations, purposely not to lose business to the foreign investor. Such charges must be taken into account especially in the international trade environment. Such a situation is mainly to subject the residence to purchase domestic products. Several established strict regulations on who can invest in specific sectors in the country make it necessary for the Multinational Corporations to conduct an evaluation of the requirements as well as the limitations associated with such moves. The e xistence of great risks emanating from the legal structure may scare away potential telecommunication MNCs from the implementation of their plans (Heinecke, 2016). Furthermore, individual host countries would like to know the extent of control of overseas businesses that an MNC controls before permission is granted. Such restrictions may involve the formulation of an international team of managers that will check the foreign power. Therefore, such rules must be considered before a final decision is arrived at to avoid turn backs. Cases of discrimination in an international market may lead to inhibition or prohibition for the establishment of multinational corporations. Other kinds of biases involve price, for example, affordability of locally available goods than similar imported goods. In such a scenario, there will be a rough time for the international business to carry on. Therefore, MNCs willing to venture in China should ensure their home countries are in a cordial relation regarding corporate engagements. Quotas share the same principles with tariffs regarding the restriction of foreign business profits. A quota is initiated to motivate t he domestic trade in the host country. Thus, MNCs seeking to excel in Chinese telecommunication market should exercise their trades in compliance environments, which will ensure that they do not suffer from economies of scale (Maurer, 2016). Technological Factors Technology as a factor has an imperative role in the economic realization and income gain for all multinational corporations operating in China irrespective of the sector. The management of international businesses depends solely on the technical competencies as well as technical manufacturing skill that are used globally for communication, research, and development. Therefore, knowledge of technology has been one of the elements that attract most of the MNCs to invest in China due to aggression required in the telecommunication sector as depicted by the transformational changes within China Telecom Company. Every MNC's primary interest of time is to revolve around technological transfers to access foreign markets. Availability of infrastructure and other technical expertise are fundamental to the prevalence of MNCs in the Chinese market. For example, firms specializing in the manufacture of mobile phones, computers, and other electronics have found it easy to access the technical re sources in China. The levels of technology development help in the determination of the extent of exposure or understanding of the population. Such consideration may assist in evaluating where to establish different levels of technical operations. For example, sophisticated techniques operations are cheaper in China compared to low-tech, such states such as the East African countries. The importance of technology transfer from the international dimensions to the local environment in China is associated with research and development, which is essential for competitive advantage for firms. Such relationships are useful in determining the levels of foreign direct investment through global markets taking place in MNCs. Moreover, the benefits received by China through external development regarding the use of and improvement of the existing technologies through the substantial transmission favors the international firms seeking to invest in the telecommunication sector. Such a move has assisted the country as well as the firms to attaining economic growth and expanded market structures. Broadband connections in China, which entail high-velocity transmission technologies, has attracted technology-based investment within the state and internationally. For example, a cable modem that enables operators to use similar coaxial cables, fiber optics assisting in the conversion of the electrical signal into light and wireless connection meant for home or business linkages aided by radio waves are favorable for telecommunication firms operating on a large scale (Goerzen, 2016). Therefore, it becomes fundamental in the creation of new global markets within multinational corporations. Broadband connectivity ena bles one to access internet services on the phone that is required during MNC implementation overseas. Thus, communication can be channeled through intranet and e-mails. It also makes one always connected to the internet (Goerzen, 2016). Furthermore, technological experience in China, which is attained through established training mechanisms, is vital in creating a sustainable foreign market for MNCs during functional development. Such approach provides a comparative analysis of the international business environments. Thus, this helps to point out the relevance of MNCs that operate in foreign markets (Noble, 2000). Future Implication of Chinese Markets on MNCs The emergence of foreign markets in China poses a growing risk to the advanced economy due to shifts in prices from the stable countries. Such motions are stimulated by the economic changes from manufacturing to prioritizing on the domestic consumption. Although, the strict limits on the Chinese government to foreign MNC have been harmonized creating the capital markets to be more porous allowing it to expand its businesses. Further, its financial integration is likely to increase, narrowing the gap with the economic prowess like the US. Regarding the International Monetary Fund an increase in global marketing opportunities has made it the third largest in the world valued at $6.7 trillion based on market capitalism. However, most Multinational Corporation reported inadequate communications on policies and increasing risks of spill-over from the markets. Moreover, for any firm seeking to expand its operations to international markets such as China should ensure the capital base is significant enough to take advantage of the economies of scale. Each firm should make sure that modern technology defines the baseline of resources invested in the business. Such undertakings are essential because most companies in China and other developed economies have firms that have been established over the years with advanced competitive advantages. Operating businesses based on the succinct research evaluations for the possible niche guarantees the success of Multinational Corporations in China. Besides, it is imperative to incorporate the benefits that come with transformational approaches to a competitive market such as mergers, collaboration, and acquisition. Nevertheless, the Chinese market is suitable for investment by MNCs. Conclusion To conclude, the key factors to take into account while establishing new foreign markets for multinational corporations seeking to invests in Chinese telecommunication sector are based on the economy, technology, international trade, and legal measures. Technology seems to be very eminent in the strengthening MNCs and has more benefits to the host country since the world turns the world into a global village. MNC also takes control of the operations by executing a proper marketing strategy that holds. In China, the terms of trade, the legal structure of the corporate sector and the availability of resources favor the establishment of international businesses. Therefore, it is essential for organizations to consider evaluating internal and external factors to determine the extent to which they will affect the productivity and performance of the corporation across the diverse market. A multidimensional approach to the factors of production, resources, and the market will assist the org anizations to form strategies that will guarantee compliance as well as profitability for the firms. Such an approach is essential in forecasting, risk management, and value creation. References Anguelov, N. (2016). Policy and political theory in trade practice. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781137401922 Anastasia. (2015, September 2). PRODUCTS Retrieved from https://www.cleverism.com/factors-to-consider-for-international-marketing Contrepois, al, et (2016). Globalizing employment relations. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780230252431 Dong, B., Zou, S., Taylor, C. R. (2008). Factors that influence multinational corporations control of their operations in foreign markets: An empirical investigation. Journal of International Marketing, 16(1), 98119. https://doi.org/10.1509/jimk.16.1.98 Editors (2016). Organization theory and the multinational corporation. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781403906700 Elfstrom, G. (2016). Moral issues and multinational corporations. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781349212590 Fazal, S. A., Wahab, S. A. (2014). A review on technology transfer in context of multinational corporations. , 4(3), 439449. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277137351_A_Review_on_Technology_Transfer_in_Context_of_Multinational_Corporations Goerzen, A. (2016). Networks and location. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781403947666 Goldstein, A. (2016). Multinational companies from emerging economies. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780230007048 Heinecke, P. (2016). Success factors of regional strategies for multinational corporations. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783790826395 Lundan, S. (2016). Transnational corporations and transnational governance. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781137467676 Maurer, J. (2016). Relationships between foreign subsidiaries. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783834931917 Noble, C. (2000). The management of training in multinational corporations: Comparative case studies. Journal of European Industrial Training, 21(3), 102109. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090599710161801 Nolke, A. (2016). Multinational corporations from emerging markets. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781137359490 Pain, N. (2016). Inward investment, technological change, and growth. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780333925362 Perri, A., Editors (2016). Innovation and the multinational firm. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781137555434 Sawyer, G. (2016). The politics of resource extraction. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780230347724 Sethi, P. S., Prakash, S. (2016). Multinational corporations and the impact of public advocacy on corporate strategy. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780792393788 Slemrod, J. (2016). The taxation of multinational corporations. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780792397199 Wendt, C. (2016). A common tax base for multinational enterprises in the European Union. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783834913265 Wiederhold, G. (2016). Valuing intellectual capital. Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781461466109.

Corporation Law of Australia Corporations Act

Question: Discuss about the Corporation Law of Australiafor Corporations Act. Answer: Registration of a no Liability Company No liability companies are also known as proprietary company. In order to form such a company, there needs to be adherence to a particular procedure which is laid down by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Section 112(2) of the Corporations Act, 2001 speaks about companies who are having no liability. There are certain requirements to be fulfilled for a company to be registered as a no liability company. The company needs to have a share capital. While mentioning the objectives, the constitution of the company should stress on the fact that they intend to carry out mining activities only[1]. Another major requirement for a company to be registered as a no liability company is that they should have no rights of contract as per its constitution to redeem the calls which are made on their shares from the hands of a share holder who is unable to pay for them. Initially for registering the company as a no liability, the person intending to do so has to make an application to the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). The application form will contain certain details. These details are mentioned in the section 117 of the Corporations Act 2001[2].The nature or type of the company should be mentioned which is to be registered under this Act. Then, decided name of the company is entered. It will be foregone if the Act requires the Australian Company Number (ACN) to be mentioned as its name. The form should contain the names and personal addresses of all the persons who intend to become a member of the company. There should be mention of the current name of the proprietor and any family name given to all individuals who intend to become the company secretary of the company. Additional details include date of birth and place of birth of the individual or individuals. The residential addresses of every person who intends to become the director or the company secretary should be mentioned. The form should also contain the address of the registered office of the no liability company. There is an option of mentioning the opening hours of the registered office though it is not mandatory in the case of a no liability company[3]. There should be further mention of certain details by a company limited by shares. These include the number of shares and the classes to which they belong of every member who through written agreement takes them up. There should be mention of the money which they intend to pay for these shares. According to section 150 of Corporations Act 2001, specifies that the term Limited need not be suffixed with the name of the company[4]. According to Section 134 of the Corporations Act 2001 speaks about the internal management of a company which can be controlled by the provisions of the principle Act which are used by the company in the name of replaceable rules[5]. They are contained within the constitution of the company or partly in the constitution and partly within the Act. Section 135 of the Corporations Act 2001, speaks about the changes in the constitution and the replaceable rules[6]. According to the rules of this section certain changes were made in the rules after 1st July, 1988 and were adopted for the functioning of a proprietor limited company. There are several restrictions on holding of shares along with rights conferred on a shareholder and they are mentioned in section 254A (2) of the Corporation Act 2001. The company is able to issue preference shares if certain rights with respect to them are given. These include right to vote, surplus profits and assets, repaying of capital etc. Doctrine ofMaintenance of Capital The present portion deals with the doctrine of capital maintenance. This requires the company to derive appropriate consideration in relation to the issuance of shares. When the required capital is gathered they should not be given back to the members of the company. This rule is however subject to exceptional situations and circumstances. This particular doctrine constitutes a key aspect in the Australian Company law. Under the doctrine the companies have the basic duty to ensure the capital generated is maintained as it is. This is necessary to safeguard the interests of the creditors of the company. The courts are under the mandate to see whether the capital is spent in a lawful manner or not[7]. While studying the doctrine of capital maintenance certain legal rules on significant aspects crop up. They are regarding paying of dividends and other emoluments to the shareholders. They also speak of the cutting down of the share capital and the reserves of the company. The companies a re prohibited from deriving financial help for buying their own shares. The rules also speak about the redeeming of the purchase of the companys own shares. When a company is limited by shares i.e. having limited liability, there is need to protect the interests of the creditors. Hence to facilitate this doctrine of capital maintenance was formulated. The company first gathers the capital it intends to raise. Then the maintenance of the capital is done taking into consideration the improbabilities of the business so that the creditors are benefitted and protected. The aim is to reduce the occurrence of fraud with respect to the creditors. This done by lowering the share capital to make sure the share holders have their liabilities. The purpose for the origin of the said doctrine is based on two aspects. The first is to safeguard the interests of the creditors. The other one is to make sure that the assets of the company are utilised in a lawful manner. The idea of keeping the capital intact has been disputed in the courts. This is because the creditors value the company on the basis how they maintain the capital and uses it only for the business purpose. This is the reason for maintaining the capital and not returning them to the shareholders. This particular doctrine has been subject to deliberations in the field of corporate law from the late 1850s. The ability and credibility of the doctrine in protecting the interests of the creditors is subjected to doubt. Hence the company related rules with respect to capital linked decisions have been reformed slowly. The experts in relation to the subject have decided to connect company capital decisions with questions regarding solvency, material disclosure to shareholders and fair approach. Under the Corporations Act 2001, they have decided to consider a more liberal approach with respect to solvency, fair approach and disclosure matters that has to be satisfied by the directors before taking decisions pertaining to share capital. When speaking about decisions they include aspects like reducing share capital, payment of dividends, buying back of companys own shares and the rule regarding providing financial assistance for buying back the shares[8]. All these decisions are now de pendent on the insolvent trading rules mentioned in section 588 G of the Corporations Act 2001. This makes the directors who are taking capital related decisions liable personally in case of breach of duty in respect of preventing the company from trading while being insolvent[9]. Bibliography Hannigan, Brenda,Company Law(Oxford University Press, 1st ed, 2009) Symon, Helen,Corporations Act 2001(Leo Cussen Institute, 1st ed, 2006) Corporation Act 2001 - SECT 117(2017) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s117.html Corporation Act2001 - SECT 150(2017) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s150.html Corporation Act 2001 - SECT 588G (2017) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s588g.html McQueen, Rob,A Social History Of Company Law(Ashgate Pub., 1st ed, 2009) Corporation Act 2001 - SECT 135(2017) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s135.html Corporation Act 2001 - SECT 134(2017) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s134.html Corporations Act 2001 Reprinted On 16 June 2006 (Taking Into Account Amendments Up To And Including Those Made By Act No. 17, 2006)(Attorney-General's Dept., 1st ed, 2006)